he Neo-Babylonian period see also Meissner 1920: 365-66 and the references there; also 1936: 35-36.14. Meissner 1920: 366; 1936: 36; Mendelsohn 1949:

idered it a Hebrew construct of Egyptian type, not origin (1975: 241).19. For a list of some objectors, see Schulman 1975: 240, n. 26. Schulman’s suggestion (241) that Joseph’s appointment marked "the beginning of a new life for him," and that hence a birth-name would not come amiss, seems implausible. A Hebrew narrator looking for an Egyptian name had plenty to choose from other than this kind.20. We may safely lay aside both the philologically brilliant but onomatologically improbable solution offered by J. Vergote (1959: 142-46) based on a conflation of the LXX and Masoretic forms, and the weird and wonderful equivalents produced by some early investigators (for a sampling, see Vergote 1959: 151-52).21. For Hebrew, see Brown, Driver and Briggs 1963: 860-61; for Aramaic and Phoenician, see Jean and Hoftijzer 1965: 246; for Amarna Canaanite, see Gelb, Landsberger and Oppenheim 1962: 96b; for Ugaritic, see Gordon 1965: 475:2185. Here and in what follows, I use a simplified transcription of Egyptian and Semitic names, for technical reasons.22. In Erman and Grapow (1931: 568, 571-72), there is no root dj-p-n, and only four items under di-f-n (three of Graeco-Roman date).23. See the references given by Erman and Grapow (1931); Erman and Grapow 1953: 92, to p. 623:1.24. Erman and Grapow (1931: 568, 571-72; 1953: 92, to p. 623:1). In Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446, a variant iw djad.tu-naf occurs, taking this construction back to ca.1800 BC; see Hayes 1955: 1:5, 6, 10, etc.25. This solution was partly foreseen by Engelbach (1924: 204-206), but he did not work out the philological details, nor provide a solution to the pa‘aneah segment.26. In Djad, "say/call," the d would normally become a t, and by the Late Period (1100 BC onwards) dropped away completely; but in this construction, the d > t would be protected by the following na.f in status pronominalis, as in feminine nouns with suffixes (cf. Gardiner 1957: §78, obs., and p. 432 end). The verbal suffix .t(u) would coalesce with (or even replace) the d > t of the djad to which it was affixed. Either way, the result is a djad/t-naf, from the Middle Kingdom to at least the New Kingdom and probably later. For another metathesis from Egyptian into Semitic (r and n), cf. Eg. Bakenranef (as *Bukun-rinip) appearing in Assyrian as Bukur-ninip in Ranke 1910: 27.27. Ranke 1935: 15:3, of New-Kingdom date. Slightly modified, this is accepted by Vergote (1959: 149-50).28. The name Potiphar (no ’ayin) is incised in Hebrew or Aramaic script (mid-first millennium BC?) on an Egyptian sacred-eye amulet (Michailides Collection); see Leibovitch 1943: 87-90, fig. 25. The amulet may be genuine; but has the Semitic epigraph been scratched on in more recent times?29. References in Ranke 1935: 124:16 (after Daressy) for Pa-di-Re; 125:21 for Pa-di-Khons.30. For these names, which abound in the Middle Kingdom, cf. Ranke 1935: 401-404, passim.31. In tombs of Paheri and Qenamun (Ranke 1935: 375:3, 4).32. Full publication, Kitchen and Beltrão 1991, 1: 64/65-66/67; 2: pl. 45; on the foreigners, cf. Kitchen 1990: 635-38; and 1991: 88-89 with fig., p. 90.33. The family of Didia, especially on Louvre C.50; see Lowle 1976: 91-106, figs. 1-2, pls. I-II; also Kitchen 1993: 265-69, and Forthcoming a: 19-21; for notes, Kitchen 1993/4: 222-26, and Forthcoming b.34. There are many examples in Martin 1971: 78-85:984-1088a, pls. 28-42A, passim. For the name, cf. Hebrew Hur (Brown, Driver and Briggs 1963: 301a).35. For the former, see Davies and Gardiner 1926: 10f, pls. V, VI, left (before the king, pl. IV); for the latter, Kitchen 1983: 47.36. Examples, Middle Kingdom, Ward 1982: 170:1472; Fischer 1985: 86:1472.37. As (e.g.) at Jericho, cf. Kenyon 1960 and 1965, passim.38. In brief, cf. (e.g.) Gonen 1992: 240-41, when single-pit burial also came into use.39. Cf. Daressy 1906: 118-19 and pl. (dagger); Lacau 1906: 86-87 [28108], pl. 19:1, 2 (typical Middle-Kingdom box-coffin).BibliographyAlbright, W.F.1952 The Biblical Period. Oxford, England: Blackwell.1954 Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyptian Slaves from the Eighteenth Century B.C. Journal of the American Oriental Society 74:222–33.1955



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Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 140:27–33.1963 The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra. New York: Harper & Row.Atenmüller, H, and Moussa, A.M.1991 Die Inschrift Amenemhets II. Aus dem Ptah-Tempel von Memphis. ein Vorbericht. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 18:1–48 + Tafel 1.Bietak, M.1986 Avaris and Piramesse: Archaeological Exploration in the Eastern Nile Delta. London: The British Academy.1991 Der Friedhof in einem Palastgarten aus der Zeit de späten Mittleren Reiches und andere Forschung sergebnisse aus dem östlichen Nildelta (Tell el-Dab’a 1984–1987). Egypt and the Levant 2:47–75.Bloch-Smith, E.1992 Judahite Burial Practices and Beliefs about the Dead, JSOTS 123. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press.Boardman, J.1980 The Greeks Overseas, third ed. London: Thames & Hudson.Boyer, G.1958 Archives Royalses de Mari 8. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.Brown, F., Driver, S.R., and Briggs, C.A.1963 A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, reprint of 1907 ed. with corrections. Oxford, England: Clarendon.Daressy, G.1906 Un poignard du temps des rois Pasteurs (avec 1 planche). Annales du Service de l’Antiquités de l’Egypte 7:115–20, +Figs. 1–3.Davies, N. de Garis, and Gardiner, A.H.1926 The Tomb of Huy (No. 40). London: Egypt Exploration Society.Edzard, D.O.1968 Sumerische Rechtsurkunden des III. Jahrtausends. Munich: Beck.Eichler, B.L.1973 Indenture at Nuzi. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Engelbach, R.1924 The Egyptian Name of Joseph. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 10:204–206.Erman, A., and Grapow, H.1931 Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache 5. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.1953 Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache, die Belegstellen 5. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.Falkenstein, A.1956 Die neusumerische Gerichtsurkunden 1. Munich: Beck.Fischer, H.G.1985 Egyptian Titles. A Supplement. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.Gardiner, A.H.1957 Egyptian Grammar. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Gelb, I.; Landsberger, B.; and Oppenheim, A.L., eds.1962 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 16/S. Chicago: Oriental Institute.Gonen, R.1992 The Late Bronze Age. Pp. 211–57 in The Archaeology of Ancient Israel, ed. A. Ben-Tor, trans. R. Greenberg. New Haven: Yale University Press.Gordon, C.H.1965 Ugaritic Textbook 3. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.Hamada, A.1939 Stela of Putiphar. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte 39:273–77.Hayes, W.C.1955 A Papyrus of the Late Middle Kingdom. New York: The Brooklyn Museum.Jean, C.-F., and Hoftijzer, J.1965 Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l’ouest. Leiden: Brill.Johns, C.H.W.1924 Assyrian Deeds and Documents 3. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Kenyon, K.M.1960 Jericho 1. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.1965 Jericho 2. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Kitchen, K.A.1957 A Recently Published Egyptian Papyrus and learn french